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WWL-TV

WWL-TV

WWL-TV, "Channel 4 WWL", is the CBS television affiliate serving New Orleans, Louisiana. It broadcasts on Channel 4. Its Primary Studios and offices are located at 1024 N. Rampart Street in the historic French Quarter. Its transmitter is located at 4 Cooper Road in Gretna, Louisiana.

History

WWL-TV signed on the air in September of 1957 as the third television station in New Orleans. It was owned by Loyola University of New Orleans along with WWL radio. WWL-AM had been a CBS affiliate since 1935, so WWL-TV naturally joined CBS. It competed head to head with NBC affiliate WDSU in the 1960s and '70s. However, by the early 1980s, WWL had emerged as the market's ratings leader. The station has been the strongest CBS affiliate in the country for the past 20 years and more, aided by a strong programming lineup (with popular syndicated shows such as The Oprah Winfrey Show, Jeopardy!, Wheel of Fortune, and Live with Regis and Kelly), and the fact that it was unaffected by the market's affiliation switch in the mid-1990s. When Viacom, which owned UPN affiliate WUPL, merged with CBS in 2000, CBS did not even consider moving its affiliation from WWL to WUPL. In 1989, Loyola sold its media properties to different owners. WWL-TV's employees formed a group called Rampart Broadcasting (named after the station's studios on Rampart Street in the French Quarter, led by general manager J. Michael Early and longtime News Director and station editorialist Phil Johnson, and bought the station. It was the first (and thus far, only) time an employee-investor group acquired a local television station. Belo Corporation bought the station in 1994. Despite having been owned by a Roman Catholic organization, WWL-TV had always been a commercial television station, and showed almost no connection to its religious background (other than broadcasting the Sunday Mass, which the station had done for many years until recently). In 2005, Viacom sold WUPL to Belo. If federal regulators approve, this will create a duopoly with WWL and WUPL.

Programming

WWL-TV dropped "CBS News This Morning" from its schedule many years ago due to low ratings. The station replaced it with more local news. The Early Show is also absent from WWL's schedule (and has been for more than 15 years). However, WWL carries all other programs from CBS. (The Early Show was added to WUPL's schedule in April 2005.) The station has used the Eyewitness News format for many years, and according to local AC Nielsen ratings, has had the leading newscast in New Orleans for at least 20 years. The station's morning newscast now runs from 5–9am. As aforementioned, WWL-TV has a strong syndicated programming lineup. However, Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy! moved to WVUE once the contract with WWL-TV expired.

Hurricane Katrina

WWL began 24-hour continuous coverage on Saturday August 27th, from its New Orleans Studio. At 10:45pm CDT Sunday, operations moved to the journalism school at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. LSU students and staff helped produce the telecast, with WWL-TV staff, in a 'bare bones' fashion. The station returned to its Rampart Street studios in New Orleans Monday afternoon at 4pm for a time. Flooding forced the station to again move operations back to LSU, as well as a makeshift studio at the transmitter site in Gretna. The station is relaying its signal via fiber optics, and the use of a satellite truck from sister station KHOU in Houston. Beginning Thursday September 1, the station again moved operations to the studios of Louisiana Public Broadcasting -- with a simulcast on LPB's statewide network. Some late-night programming has consisted of repeat broadcasts - and simulcast of CNN's live overnight coverage. As of 5AM CDT, Monday October 3rd, WWL-TV resumed full operations at the North Rampart studio facilities.

Online

The station's online presence has continued throughout the storm, with text, video and photo coverage. On Monday, traffic jumped to more than 6 million page views, 17 times higher than the previous Monday. Online streaming had been provided by the Belo network, CBSNews.com throughout the last few days on and off. Belo on Friday made an agreement with Yahoo for continued exclusive hosting of WWL's webstream over their video services. The most current link to online coverage can be found at [http://www.wwltv.com/ WWLTV.com].
- [http://www.wwltv.com/local/stories/WWLBLOG.ac3fcea.html WWL's Katrina Blog]
- [http://www.wwltv.com/forums/viewforum.php?f=1 WWLTV.com Hurricane Katrina Forum]
- Category: CBS network affiliates Category: Hurricane Katrina

CBS

CBS (formerly an acronym for Columbia Broadcasting System) is a major television network and radio broadcaster in the United States. One of the pioneer radio networks, from its earliest days CBS established a reputation for quality; prior to the fracturing of the market under cable television, CBS's television network was one of three which dominated broadcasting in the United States. The network is indirectly owned by the media conglomerate Viacom (itself once a subsidiary of CBS). It and other traditional broadcasting assets will be part of the new CBS Corporation following a split of Viacom expected by the end of 2005. Les Moonves is chairman of CBS and vice-chairman of parent company Viacom, and will be president of CBS Corporation. Prior to 1998, Moonves was president of CBS Entertainment.

History

Early years

CBS can trace its origins to the creation, in 1927 of the "United Independent Broadcasters" network. Begun by New York talent agent Arthur Judson, it went on the air in October of that year with 47 affiliates. The first year was a struggle, and United soon looked for additional investors; the Columbia Phonographic Manufacturing Company (also owners of Columbia Records), rescued the company in 1928, and as a result, the network was renamed "Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System." Later in 1928, another investor, Paramount Pictures, bought shares in Columbia stock, and for a time it was thought the network would be re-named "Paramount Radio". Any chance of further Paramount involvement ended with the 1929 stock-market crash; the near-bankrupt studio sold its shares back to CBS in 1932. With the infusion of cash from these investors, in November of 1928 Columbia paid $390,000 to A.H. Grebe's Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the network's flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the signal relocated to a stronger frequency, 860 kHz. (In 1946 WABC was re-named WCBS; the station moved to a new frequency, 880kHz, in the FCC's 1941 re-assignment of stations.) As the network's flagship, WCBS was where much of CBS's programming originated; other owned-and-operated stations were KNX Los Angeles, KCBS San Francisco, WBBM Chicago, WJSV Washington, DC (later WTOP), KMOX St. Louis, and WCCO Minneapolis.) Those stations remain the core affiliates of the CBS Radio Network today, with WCBS still the flagship, and all but WTOP (a Bonneville Broadcasting property) owned by CBS's Infinity Broadcasting unit Even with increased backing, the network continued to lose money, and on September 25, 1928, (some sources say January 18, 1929), Columbia Phonographic sold its half-interest for $500,000 to William S. Paley, son of a Philadelphia cigar manufacturer. With Columbia Phonographic's removal, Paley streamlined the corporate name to "Columbia Broadcasting System". Paley believed in the power of radio advertising; his family's company had seen their "La Palina" cigar become a best-seller after young William convinced his elders to advertise on Philadelphia station WCAU. As the third national network, CBS soon had more affiliates than either of NBC's two, in part because of a more generous rate of payment to affiliates. David Sarnoff, proprietor of NBC, believed in technology, so NBC's affiliates had the latest RCA equipment, and were often the best-established stations, or were on "clear channel" frequencies. But Paley believed in the power of programming, and CBS quickly established itself as the home of many popular musical and comedy stars, among them Bing Crosby, Al Jolson, George Burns & Gracie Allen, and Kate Smith. In the hard times of the early 1930s, radio broadened its offerings; refused an AP franchise for news, Paley launched an independent news division, shaped in its first years by Paley's vice-president, former New York Times man Ed Klauber, and news director Paul White. Another early hire, in 1935, was Edward R. Murrow, brought in as "Director of Talks." It was Murrow's reports, particularly during the dark days of the London Blitz, which contributed to CBS News's image for on-the-spot coverage. As European news chief and later head of the news division, Murrow created a team of reporters and editors that propelled CBS News to the forefront of the industry. On October 30, 1938, CBS gained a taste of infamy when Orson Welles and the Mercury Theatre broadcasted an adaption of H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds. Its unique format of telling a contemporary version of the story in the form of faux news broadcasts had CBS listeners panicked that invaders from Mars were actually devastating New York City, despite 3 disclaimers during the broadcast that it was a work of fiction. CBS would later revive the format for television in the 1990s to tell the story of asteroids crashing to Earth, but the television format allowed for disclaimers to air at every commercial break, avoiding a replay of what happened in 1938. As long as radio was the dominant advertising medium, CBS dominated radio. All through the 1930s and 1940s, CBS programs were often the highest-rated. A much-publicized "talent raid" on NBC in the mid-1940s brought Jack Benny, Edgar Bergen and Amos 'n' Andy into the CBS fold. Paley also was an innovator in creating original programming; since broadcasting's earliest days, time had been sold to advertising agencies in half- or full-hour blocs. The ad agencies, not the networks, would then create the program to fill the time, thus it was " 'The Johnson's Wax Program', with Fibber McGee & Molly", or " 'The Pepsodent Show', with Bob Hope." At Paley's urging, beginning in the mid-1940s, CBS began creating its own programs; among the long-running shows that came from this project were "Our Miss Brooks," "Gunsmoke" and "The Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet." In time this idea was carried further, selling ad time by the minute, so that ad agencies no longer had any control over what went out over Mr. Paley's air. CBS was slow to move into television; as late as 1950 it owned only one station; radio continued to be the backbone of the company. But gradually, as the television network took shape, the big radio stars began to drift to television. Burns & Allen made the move in 1950; the high-rated Jack Benny show ended in 1955, and Edgar Bergen's Sunday-night show went off the air in 1957. Smaller-budgeted dramatic shows and daytime serials lasted until the early 1960s. But when CBS announced in 1956 that its radio operations had lost money, while the television network had made money, it was clear where the future lay. After the retirement of talk-show pioneer Arthur Godfrey in the early 1970s, CBS radio programming consisted of hourly news broadcasts, occasional news features and commentaries, and the nightly "CBS Mystery Theater", the lone holdout of old-style programming. The CBS Radio Network continues to this day, but offers primarily newscasts and news-related features like "The Osgood File" and "Harry Smith Reporting."

The Television Years: Expansion and Growth

Harry Smith CBS's first television broadcasts were experimental, often only for one hour a day, and reaching a limited area in and around New York City. To catch up with rival RCA, CBS bought Hytron Labratories in 1939, and immediately moved into set production and color broadcasting. Though there were many competing patents and systems, RCA dictated the content of the FCC's technical standards, and grabbed the spotlight from CBS, DuMont and others by introducing television to the general public at the 1939 New York World's Fair. The FCC began licensing televsion stations on July 1, 1941; the first license went to RCA and NBC's WNBT; the second license, issued that same day, was to WCBS. CBS-Hytron offered a practical color system in 1941, but it was not compatible with the black-and-white standards set down by RCA. In time, and after considerable dithering, the FCC rejected CBS's technology in favor of that backed by RCA. During the World War II years, commercial television broadcasting essentially shut down; only in 1946 did CBS and others resume regularly scheduled service. But as RCA and DuMont raced to establish networks and offer upgraded programming, CBS lagged. Only in 1950, when NBC was dominant in television, did CBS begin to buy or build stations. The "talent raid" on NBC of the mid-forties had brought over established radio stars; they now became stars of CBS television as well. One reluctant CBS star refused to bring her radio show, "My Favorite Husband," to television unless the network would re-cast the show with her real-life husband in the lead. Paley and network president Frank Stanton had so little faith in the future of Lucille Ball's series, re-dubbed "I Love Lucy," that they granted her wish and allowed the husband, Desi Arnaz, to take financial control of the production. This was the making of the Ball-Arnaz Desilu empire, and became the template for series production to this day. As television came to the forefront of American entertainment and information, CBS dominated television as it once had radio. By the late 1950s the network often controlled seven or eight of the slots on the "top ten" ratings list. This would continue for many years, with CBS bumped from first place only by the rise of ABC in the mid-1970s. William Paley was a buyer of art, and a backer of New York's Museum of Modern Art. CBS offices were filled with original works. Paley shared this interest with CBS President from 1946 - 1971 Frank Staton who carried this belief over into the design elements surrounding the network. When CBS bought Los Angeles station KNX in 1936 for a west-coast production headquarters, it was at Frank Stanton's instigation that architect William Pereira was hired to create a distinctive, modern broadcasting center on Sunset Boulevard. Similarly, when CBS commissioned Eero Saarinen to design a new corporate center in New York in the 1960s, Staton supervised every aspect of the project, even dictating what could be displayed in employee offices and on desk-tops. This belief in art, graphics and branding carried over to such things as the CBS Television's logo, the unblinking eye logo (designed by William Golden and introduced in 1951). An example of CBS's graphic-design particularity: on all official CBS letterhead, a tiny dot (at most a point in diameter) was pre-printed to indicate to a secretary where the typewriter carriage should be positioned for the salutation of a letter. pointDuring the 1960s, CBS began an effort to diversify, and looked for suitable investments. In 1965 it acquired Fender Guitars from Leo Fender, who agreed to sell his company due to health problems. Between 1965 and 1985 the quality of Fender guitars and amplifiers declined significantly; outraged Fender fans banded together in 1985 to buy Fender back and create FMIC, the Fender Musical Instrument Corporation. In other diversification attempts, CBS would buy (and later sell) sports teams (especially the New York Yankees baseball club), book publishers, map-makers and other properties. It made a brief, unsuccessful move into film production in the late 1960s, creating Cinema Center 100; this profit-free unit was shut down after a year-and-a-half. Yet in 1982, CBS was talked into another try at Hollywood, in a joint venture with Columbia Pictures and HBO called Tri-Star Pictures. CBS also entered into the home video market, and joined with MGM to form MGM/CBS Home Video in 1978; the joint venture was broken by 1983, and CBS joined another studio: 20th Century Fox, to form CBS/Fox Home Video. CBS' duty was to release some of the movies by Tri-Star under the CBS-FOX Home Video label. As William Paley aged, he tried to find the one person who could follow in his footsteps. Over the years any number of accomplished, successful businessmen were recruited, loudly praised to the press, only later to be summarily dismissed. By the mid-1980s, the investor Laurence Tisch had begun to acquire substantial holdings in CBS; eventually he gained Paley's confidence, and then his blessing, taking control of CBS in 1986. But Tisch had no dreams of quality or of "Tiffany" networks; he expected a return on his investment. When CBS faltered, under-performing units were given the axe. Among the first properties to go, and among the most prestigious, was the CBS Records group, which, as Columbia Records, had been part of the company since 1938. Sold to Sony in 1988, the company which had given the network its name, was re-christened "Sony Music" in 1991.

New owners

By the early 1990s, profits had fallen as a result of competition from cable companies, video rentals, and the high cost of programming. CBS ratings were acceptable, but the network struggled with an image of stodginess. Laurence Tisch lost interest and sought a new buyer. In 1995 Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired CBS for $5.4 billion. Moving away from its industrial beginnings, Westinghouse sought to transform itself into a major media company with its purchase of CBS. This was followed in 1997 with the $4.9-billion purchase of Infinity Broadcasting Corporation, owner of more than 150 radio stations. Also that year, Westinghouse acquired two cable channels, Gaylord's The Nashville Network (TNN), (now Spike TV), and Country Music Television (CMT). Following the Infinity purchase, the remains of the CBS Radio network was handed to Infinity 's Westwood One subsidiary. Still more activity in the busy year of 1997: Westinghouse changed its name to CBS Corporation, and corporate headquarters were moved from Pittsburgh to New York. And to underline the change in emphasis, all non-entertainment assets were put up for sale. Another 90 radio stations were added to Infinity's portfolio in 1998 with the acquisition of American Radio Systems Corporation for $2.6 billion. A year later CBS paid $2.5 billion to acquire King World Productions, a television syndication company whose programs include The Oprah Winfrey Show and Wheel of Fortune. By 1999, all pre-CBS elements of Westinghouse's industrial past were gone. Though CBS had become a broadcasting giant, it was not immune from other buyers, and in 1999, entertainment conglomerate Viacom, a company long-before created to syndicate old CBS series, announced its was taking over CBS in a deal valued at $37 billion. Following completion of this effort in 2000, Viacom was ranked as the second-largest entertainment company in the world. A.C. Nielsen estimated in 2003 that CBS can be seen in 96.98% of all American households, reaching 103,421,270 homes in the United States. CBS has 204 VHF and UHF affiliated stations in the U.S. and U.S. possessions. CBS is currently the most watched television network in the United States, with the prime draws being the CSI and Survivor franchises. Having assembled all the elements of a communications empire, Viacom found that the promised synergy was not there, and in June, 2005 announced it would split itself in two. Under this plan, CBS is to become the center of a new company, CBS Corporation, which will include the broadcasting elements, Paramount Television's production operations, Viacom Outdoor advertising, Showtime, Simon & Schuster, and Paramount Parks. The second company, keeping the Viacom name, will include Paramount Pictures, assorted MTV Networks, BET, and Famous Music. CBS, Inc. announced on November 3, 2005 that they will acquire College Sports TV (CSTV) for $325 million. CEO of CSTV Brian Bedol will continue to run that network and report to Leslie Moonves, chairman of CBS. The transaction will be completed in January 2006, after Viacom completes the separation, as described in the last paragraph, which will be likely to be completed by the end of 2005. At that time, the company will go to CBS Corporation.

Some Criticisms

As an industrial power in technology-driven businesses, Westinghouse had been accused over the years of violating various environmental laws. Such was the company's reputation in some quarters that an exaggerated claim was made on the comedy-show Saturday Night Live that Westinghouse was guilty of dumping nuclear waste in playgrounds. In 2004 the FCC imposed a record $550,000 fine on CBS for its broadcast of a Super Bowl half-time show (produced by sister-unit MTV) in which singer Janet Jackson's breast was briefly exposed. It was the largest fine ever for a violation of federal decency laws. Following the incident CBS apologized to its viewers and denied foreknowledge of the event, which was broadcast live. CBS suffered another embarrassment in September of that year, when the network aired a controversial episode of its newsmagazine, 60 Minutes, which questioned U.S. President George W. Bush's service in the National Guard. Later, it was revealed that the documents CBS used were forged. CBS News eventually acknowledged that it could not verify the authenticity of the documents it obtained, although it maintains the other overall findings in relation to Bush's military service. The following January, CBS fired four people connected to the preparation of this news-segment. CBS Evening News anchor and 60 Minutes reporter Dan Rather resigned before the announcement of these firings, though he claimed that his decision had been made prior to the forged-documents matter.

The Eye Device

CBS unveiled its Eye Device logo on October 17, 1951. The Eye device was designed by William Golden based on a Pennsylvania Dutch hex sign as well as a Shaker drawing. First drawn by graphic artist Kurt Weiss, it made its broadcasting debut on October 20, 1951. The following season, as Golden prepared a new logo, CBS President Frank Stanton insisted on keeping the Eye device and using it as much as possible ("just when you're beginning to be bored by what you've done is when it's beginning to be noticed by your audience"). The CBS eye is now an American icon. While the symbol's settings have changed (with the CBS reference outside the pupil since 1990), the Eye device itself has not been redesigned in its entire history. It has frequently been copied or borrowed by television networks around the world.

See also


- List of programs broadcast by CBS
- List of United States television networks
- List of CBS affiliates
- List of assets owned by Viacom
- List of CBS slogans
- CBS Evening News
- WJZ-TV
- CBS News
- CBS Sports

Notes on Sources


- Barnouw, Erik. A Tower in Babel: A History of Broadcasting in the United States to 1933. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Barnouw, Erik. The Golden Web: A History of Broadcasting in the United States, 1933-1953. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968.
- Smith, Sally Bedell. In All His Glory, The Life of William S. Paley, the Legendary Tycoon and His Brilliant Circle. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990.
- Paley, William. As It Happened, a Memoir. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1979.
- Kisseloff, Jeff. The Box: An Oral History of Television, 1920-1961. New York: Viking, 1995.

External links


- [http://www.cbs.com CBS website]
- [http://www.cbs.com/specials/cbs_75/eye.shtml History of the CBS Eye]
- [http://www.mbcnet.org/archives/etv/C/htmlC/columbiabroa/columbiabroa.htm Background on CBS]
- [http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/C/htmlC/columbiabroa/columbiabroa.htm Columbia Broadcasting System page on museum.tv]
- [http://www.tv-ark.org.uk/international/us_cbs.html Screen captures of CBS logos past and present, as well as footage of vintage promos] Category:CBS television network Category:United States television networks Category:Viacom subsidiaries ja:CBS

Gretna, Louisiana

The city of Gretna is the parish seat of Jefferson Parish, in the US state of Louisiana. Gretna is on the west bank of the Mississippi River, across from uptown New Orleans. It is part of the Greater New Orleans Metropolitan area. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 17,423.

History

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, starving and dehydrated refugees who attempted to escape from New Orleans by walking over the Crescent City Connection bridge over the Mississippi were turned back by Gretna Police who threatened to shoot New Orleanians who tried to enter Gretna on foot. Gretna had also suffered loss of power and drinkable water, and had nowhere to keep another city's evacuees.

Famous residents


- Frankie Ford (rock and roll performer)
- Emmett Hardy (early jazz great)
- Lash La Rue (Western film actor)
- Mel Ott (baseball hall of famer)

Geography

baseball hall of fame Gretna is located on 29°54'59" North, 90°3'15" West (29.916459, -90.054260). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.0 km² (3.9 mi²). 9.1 km² (3.5 mi²) of it is land and 0.9 km² (0.4 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 9.33% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 17,423 people, 6,958 households, and 4,286 families residing in the city. The population density is 1,922.0/km² (4,983.9/mi²). There are 7,665 housing units at an average density of 845.6/km² (2,192.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 56.32% White, 35.53% African American, 0.60% Native American, 3.12% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 2.63% from other races, and 1.75% from two or more races. 6.34% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
Latino There are 6,958 households out of which 27.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.7% are married couples living together, 19.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38.4% are non-families. 32.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.40 and the average family size is 3.06. In the city the population is spread out with 23.8% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 100.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 98.3 males. The median income for a household in the city is $28,065, and the median income for a family is $31,881. Males have a median income of $28,259 versus $21,019 for females. The per capita income for the city is $15,735. 24.2% of the population and 20.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 34.7% of those under the age of 18 and 20.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

City of Gretna Links


- [http://www.gretnala.com/ City of Gretna Website]
- [http://la.allpages.com/ Gretna Directory]
- [http://www.gretnapolice.com/ Gretna Police Department]
- [http://www.gretnafest.com/ Gretna Heritage Festival]
- [http://www.gretnasucks.com/ "City of Gretna Louisiana: The most evil, racist city in America"] (This biased page focuses on prevention of Hurricane Katrina evacuees from crossing the bridge to Gretna from New Orleans by Gretna police in 2005.)
- [http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/1107-05.htm March to Gretna]

Audio and video


- [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/09/16/1223207 Trapped in New Orleans: Emergency Medical Worker Describes How Police Prevented Evacuation], from Pacifica Democracy Now! program, September 16, 2005 Category:Cities in Louisiana Category:Jefferson Parish, Louisiana Category:Greater New Orleans

WWL (AM)

WWL is a long-time radio station in New Orleans, Louisiana that began broadcasting in 1922. It broadcasts on 870 kHz AM, a clear channel frequency on which covers large parts of the Gulf Coast in the daytime, and much of the United States at night. For many years, WWL was owned by Loyola University, but is now owned by Entercom Communications. In the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, it was famous for the live broadcasts of local Dixieland jazz bands, including such notables as Papa Celestin, Sharkey Bonano, Irving Fazola, Tony Almarico, and Lizzy Miles, but didn't broadcast any live classical music programming at that time, as it was owned by LU. The station currently has a talk radio format, with a line up including syndicated hosts like Rush Limbaugh, as well as local sports and news, they do not play any music at all.

Hurricane Katrina

During the immediate effects and aftermath of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans and the Gulf Coast in late August 2005, WWL was for a time one of the only radio stations in the area remaining on the air. Its emergency coverage was simulcast on the frequencies of numerous other radio stations. The broadcast was named "The United Radio Broadcasters of New Orleans"; mostly WWL staff appeared on-air. The United Radio Broadcasters are a partnership between Entercom and Clear Channel Communications. The WWL website [http://www.wwl.com www.wwl.com] was completely rebuilt in only one day, by the staff of Entercom throughout the country to be centered on Hurricane coverage. While WWL's intenet audio stream was down, sister-station 710 KIRO provided audio clips from a KIRO who was rushed to New Orleans.

Shortwave Simulcast

Following is the tentative schedule WWL will follow. They employ a split feed from a 250 kW transmitter to two antennas to cover North America. Monday-Friday
- 12-6am 5.835
- 7-9am 11.785
- 9am-3pm 15.285 (Interrupted 10am-1pm for maintenance, as required)
- 5-7pm 9.840 Saturday
- 12-7am 5.835
- 9am-12pm 15.285
- 6-7pm 9.840
- 7-9pm 5.835
- 10pm-12am 5.835 Sunday
- 12-7am 5.835
- 9am-12pm 15.285
- 1-4pm 15.285
- 9pm-12am 5.835

External links

[http://www.wwl.com WWL.com] WWL

1935

1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January


- January 1 - Italian colonies of Tripoli and Kyrenaika are joined together as Libya
- January 7 - Italian premier Benito Mussolini and French foreign minister Pierre Laval conclude agreement in which each power undertakes not to oppose the other's colonial claims. January 8( Elvis Presley is born in Tupelo, Mississippi.)
- January 8 - A.C. Hardy patents the spectrophotometer.
- January 11 - Amelia Earhart is the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to California.
- January 16 - FBI kills Barker gang, including Ma Barker, in a shootout
- January 19 - Bloopers Inc. sold the world's first briefs.
- January 28 - Iceland becomes the first country to legalize abortion on medical grounds

February-May


- February - National Periodical Publications (later known as DC Comics) publishes its first comic book, New Fun Comics, the first comic book featuring original material.
- February 13 - A jury in Flemington, New Jersey finds Bruno Richard Hauptmann guilty of the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh's baby boy.
- February 20 - Karoline Mikkelsen arrives on Antarctica
- February 26 - The Luftwaffe is created as Germany's air force. (March 11?)
- February 28 - Nylon is discovered by Wallace Carothers
- March 16 - Adolf Hitler announces German rearmament in violation of the Versailles Treaty.
- March 19 - Riot breaks out in Harlem, NYC after a rumor that claims that police killed a shoplifter in the Kress' departmnt store
- March 21 - Persia is renamed Iran
- April 14 - Dust Bowl: The great dust storm, made famous by Woody Guthrie in his "dust bowl ballads". The hardest hit areas were where in Eastern New Mexico and Colorado, and western Oklahoma.
- April 25 - A shark on display at the Coogee Aquarium in Sydney disgorges the tattooed arm of ex-boxer James Smith. Man suspected of murdering him, Reg Holmes is shot dead before murder inquest is held.
- May 6 - New Deal: Executive Order 7034 creates the Works Progress Administration (WPA).
- May 29 - Construction of Hoover Dam is completed
- May 30 - Earthquake destroys Quetta in modern-day Pakistan - 26,000 dead

June-August


- June 9 - Ho-Umezu Agreement: China's Kuomintang government concedes Japanese military control of north-eastern China.
- June 10 - Alcoholics Anonymous is founded in New York City by William G. Wilson and Dr. Robert Smith.
- June 12 - Senator Huey Long of Louisiana makes the longest speech on Senate record. The speech took 15 1/2 hours and was filled by 150,000 words. [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Huey_Long_Filibusters.htm]
- June 18 - Anglo-German Naval Agreement: Britain agrees to a German navy equal to 35% of her own naval tonnage.
- July 5 - Oliveira Salazar becomes de dacto dictator of fascist Portugal
- July 16 - World's first parking meters in Oklahoma City
- July 24 - The dust bowl heat wave reaches its peak, sending temperatures in Chicago, Illinois to a record-high 109°F (44°C)
- July 27 - Federal Writers' Project established in the United States
- June or July - The Giant neotropical toad is introduced to northernQueensland, Australia to counter sugar cane beetles.
- August 14 - United States President Franklin Roosevelt signs Social Security Act into law.

September-October


- September 2 - Labor Day Hurricane of 1935: A large hurricane hits the Florida Keys killing 423.
- September 8 - Carl Weiss fatally shot US Senator from Louisiana, Huey Long, nicknamed "Kingfish", in the Louisiana capitol building.
- September 13 - Howard Hughes sets new aviation speed record in his H-1.
- September 15 - Nuremberg Laws
- September 30 - U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicates Hoover Dam
- October 2-3 - Italian army invades Ethiopia under General de Bono (replaced November 11 by Pietro Badoglio)
- October 10 - A tornado destroyed the 160 metre tall wooden radio tower in Langenberg, Germany. As a result of this catastrophe, nearly no more wooden radio towers are built any more.

November-December


- November 5 - Parker Brothers releases the board game Monopoly.
- November 8 - A dozen labor leaders come together to announce the creation of the Congress for Industrial Organization (CIO), an organization charged with pushing the cause for industrial unionism.
- November 14 In General Election in Britain, Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin returned to office at the head of a National Government led by the Conservative Party with a large but reduced majority.
- November 22 - The China Clipper takes off from Alameda, California in an attempt to deliver the first airmail cargo across the Pacific Ocean (the airplane later reached its destination, Manila, and delivered over 110,000 pieces of mail).
- November 24 - The Senegalese Socialist Party holds its second congress.
- December 18 - Samuel Hoare resigns as British foreign secretary; replaced by Anthony Eden. The socialist party of Sri Lanka, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party founded.
- December 27 - Mao Zedong issues the Wayaopao Manifesto: On Tactics Against Japanese Imperialism, calling for a National United Front against Japanese Invasion.

unknown dates


- First Penguin paperback books
- Mary McCleod Bethune founds the National Council of Negro Women

Births

January-February


- January 4 - Floyd Patterson, American boxer
- January 7 - Valeri Kubasov, cosmonaut
- January 7 - Kenny Davern, American jazz clarinetist
- January 8 - Elvis Presley, American singer (d. 1977)
- January 9 - Bob Denver, American actor (d. 2005)
- January 10 - Ronnie Hawkins, American musician
- January 10 - Sherrill Milnes, American baritone
- January 12 - Kreskin, mentalist
- January 14 - Lucille Wheeler, Canadian skier
- January 16 - A.J. Foyt, American race car driver
- January 16 - Udo Lattek, football coach
- January 17 - Ruth Ann Minner, Governor of Delaware
- January 30 - Richard Brautigan, American writer (d. 1984)
- January 31 - Kenzaburo Oe, Japanese writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- February 4 - Martti Talvela, Finnish bass (d. 1989)
- February 11 - Gerry Goffin, American songwriter
- February 11 - Gene Vincent, American guitarist and vocalist
- February 16 - Sonny Bono, American singer, actor, and politician (d. 1998)
- February 25 - Sally Jessy Raphaël, American talk show host
- February 27 - Mirella Freni, Italian soprano

March-July


- March 1 - Robert Conrad, American actor
- March 1 - Judith Rossner, American writer (d. 2005)
- March 6 - Ron Delany, Irish runner
- March 15 - Jimmy Swaggart, American televangelist
- March 15 - Judd Hirsch, American actor
- March 22 - M. Emmet Walsh, American actor
- March 24 - Peter Bichsel, Swiss writer
- March 25 - Gloria Steinem, American feminist and author
- March 26 - Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestine National Authority
- March 27 - Abelardo Castillo, Argentine writer
- March 31 - Richard Chamberlain, American actor
- March 31 - Herb Alpert, American trumpeter
- April 21 - Charles Grodin, American actor and journalist
- April 21 - Thomas Kean, Governor of New Jersey
- April 23 - Bunky Green, American jazz musician
- May 2 - Lance LeGault, American actor
- May 12 - Felipe Alou, Dominican Major League Baseball manager
- May 17 - Ryke Geerd Hamer, German cancer researcher
- May 17 - Dennis Potter, English writer (d. 1994)
- May 25 - Cookie Gilchrist, American football player
- May 27 - Lee Meriwether, American beauty queen and actress
- June 2 - Carol Shields, American-born writer (d. 2003)
- June 19 - Derren Nesbitt, British actor
- June 21 - Françoise Sagan, French writer (d. 2004)
- July 6 - Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- July 8 - Vitali Sevastyanov, cosmonaut
- July 9 - Wim Duisenberg, Dutch economist and politician (d. 2005)
- July 13 - Jack Kemp, American football player
- July 17 - Peter Schickele, American composer and comedian
- July 17 - Donald Sutherland, Canadian actor
- July 18 - Jayendra Saraswathi, Hindu religious leader
- July 28 - Simon Dee, British television presenter
- July 29 - Peter Schreier, German tenor

August-October


- August 3 - Georgi Shonin, cosmonaut (d. 1997)
- August 15 - Lionel Taylor, American football player
- August 18 - Rafer Johnson, American athlete
- August 19 - Bobby Richardson, baseball player
- August 20 - Ron Paul, American politician
- August 30 - John Phillips, American singer (d. 2001)
- August 31 - Eldridge Cleaver, American activist (d. 1998)
- August 31 - Frank Robinson, baseball player
- September 1 - Seiji Ozawa, Japanese conductor
- September 11 - Gherman Titov, cosmonaut (d. 2000)
- September 11 - Arvo Pärt, estonian composer
- September 16 - Carl Andre, American artist
- September 16 - Bob Kiley, American public transit planner
- September 17 - Ken Kesey, American author (d. 2001)
- September 17 - Serge Klarsfeld, Romanian Nazi hunter
- September 30 - ZZ Hill, American musician
- September 30 - Johnny Mathis, American singer
- October 1 - Julie Andrews, English singer and actress
- October 6 - Bruno Sammartino, Italian professional wrestler
- October 9- Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
- October 12 - Luciano Pavarotti, Italian tenor
- October 14 - La Monte Young, American composer
- October 15 - Bobby Joe Morrow, American athlete
- October 15 - Willie O'Ree, Canadian hockey player
- October 18 - Peter Boyle, American actor
- October 20 - Jerry Orbach, American actor (d. 2004)
- October 29 - Takahata Isao, Japanese animated film director
- October 30 - Agota Kristof, Hungarian writer
- October 31 - Ronald Graham, American mathematician

November-December


- November 1 - Edward Said, Palestinian-born literary critic (d. 2003)
- November 9 - Bob Gibson, baseball player
- November 10 - Igor Dmitrievich Novikov, Russian astrophysicist
- November 13 - George Carey, Archbishop of Canterbury
- November 14 - King Hussein of Jordan (d. 1999)
- November 17 - Toni Sailer, Austrian skier
- November 23 - Vladislav Volkov, cosmonaut
- December 1 - Woody Allen, American film director
- December 8 - Dharmendra, Indian actor
- December 11 - Pranab Mukherjee, Indian politician
- December 19 - Bobby Timmons, American jazz pianist (d. 1974)
- December 23 - Paul Hornung, American football player
- December 30 - Omar Bongo, President of Gabon
- December 30 - Sandy Koufax, baseball player

Deaths


- January 28 - Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, Russian composer (b. 1859)
- March 6 - Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1841)
- March 16 - John James Richard Macleod, Scottish-born physician and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1876)
- March 22 - Aleksander Moisiu, Albanian actor (b. 1879)
- April 14 - Emmy Noether, German mathematician (b. 1882)
- May 12 - Marshall Jozef Pilsudski, Polish politician (b. 1867)
- May 17 - Paul Dukas, French composer (b. 1865)
- May 18 - T. E. Lawrence, English soldier (Lawrence of Arabia) (b. 1888)
- May 19 - Charles Martin Loeffler, American composer (b. 1861)
- May 21 - Jane Addams, American social worker, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1860)
- May 29 - Josef Suk, Czech composer and violinist (b. 1874)
- July 3 - André Citroën, French automobile pioneer (b. 1878)
- July 12 - Alfred Dreyfus, French military officer (b. 1859)
- August 29 - Queen Astrid of Belgium (b. 1905)
- August 30 - Henri Barbusse, French novelist and journalist (b. 1873)
- September 28 - W.K. Dickson, Scottish inventor (b. 1860)
- November 2 - Jock Cameron, South African cricketer (b. 1905)
- October 20 - Arthur Henderson, Scottish politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1863)
- November 28 - Erich von Hornbostel, Austrian musicologist (b. 1877)
- December 2 - James Henry Breasted, American Egyptologist (b. 1865)
- December 4 - Johan Halvorsen, Norwegian composer (b. 1864)
- December 4 - Charles Robert Richet, French physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1850)
- December 13 - Victor Grignard, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1871)
- December 17 - Juan Vicente Gómez, Venezuelan military and dictador (b. 1857)
- December 21 - Kurt Tucholsky, German journalist and satirist (b. 1890)
- December 24 - Alban Berg, Austrian composer (b. 1885)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - James Chadwick
- Chemistry - Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie
- Medicine - Hans Spemann
- Literature - not awarded
- Peace - Carl von Ossietzky Category:1935 ko:1935년 ms:1935 ja:1935年 simple:1935 th:พ.ศ. 2478

WDSU

WDSU is the NBC affiliate for the New Orleans, Louisiana television market. It is owned by Hearst-Argyle Television. It broadcasts its analog signal on VHF channel 6, and its digital signal on UHF channel 43. Its transmitter is located in Chalmette, Louisiana.

History

WDSU signed on the air in December 1948 as the first television station in Louisiana. The station initially carried programming from NBC, CBS, ABC and DuMont; by 1951, it became solely affiliated to NBC. The station was originally located at the DeSoto Hotel with its sister radio station. It moved into the historic Brulatour Mansion on Royal Street in the French Quarter in April 1950. WDSU was the leading local television station in the 1960s and much of the 1970s. However, by the 1980s, rival WWL-TV had taken WDSU's place as the ratings leader. WDSU was owned by Royal Street Corporation until 1972, when it was bought by Cosmos Broadcasting. The station was sold to Pulitzer in 1989. Hearst-Argyle Television bought the station in the late 1990s as part of a group deal. The station moved into a new facility on Howard Avenue and Baronne Street in March 1996. WDSU became the first TV station in the market to provide color telecasts in 1955, and the first New Orleans station with its own doppler radar in the 1990s.

Hurricane Katrina

WDSU stated on-air shortly after 5pm Sunday, August 28 their plans for broadcast due to the hurricane. They went off the air from their New Orleans studios around 9:30pm Sunday evening, letting their staff at the station take as much cover in the studios or elsewhere as they can muster. After that point, broadcasts started to originate from WAPT Channel 16 (ABC) in Jackson, Mississippi (a Hearst-Argyle sister station), out of harm's way and with some WDSU anchors and the station's chief meteorologist coming up north from New Orleans. All switching and coordination for WDSU's live coverage has come out of Jackson and Orlando instead of New Orleans since this point. The station aired coverage in cooperation with the weather department of Orlando's Hearst-Argyle NBC affiliate WESH (Channel 2) from 9:30pm CDT after WDSU shut down operations until 11pm CDT Sunday evening; currently the locally-based coverage is coming from WAPT with a combined team of Channel 16's and WDSU's meteorologists and anchors and is being simulcast in Jackson and New Orleans. Anchors, reporters, and photographers from other stations in the Hearst-Argyle family have been called in to help, including KMBC in Kansas City, Missouri and KOCO in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The coverage on WDSU has been alternating between WAPT in Jackson and WESH in Orlando because of technical difficulties with some failing equipment at WAPT and staff exhaustion. Overnight, WESH has take over the coverage fully over for WDSU/WAPT. In addition to webcasting, the station is using i Network (formerly Pax) station WPXL (Channel 49) to show coverage in the terrestrial New Orleans area; WDSU's transmitter is thought to be flooded out-and as such people have backronymed the station's call letters as "We're Drowned, Still Underwater". The station is now free-to-air on the Intelsat Americas 8 satellite at 89°W [http://www.lyngsat.com/ia8.html] and is also airing their live coverage of Katrina through their website.
- [http://www.wdsu.com/news/4908558/detail.html WDSU's Katrina Blog]

Official Link


- [http://www.wdsu.com/ WDSU.com - Home] Category: NBC network affiliates Category: Hurricane Katrina

1970s

The 1970s in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1970 and 1979. The decade is remembered by many as the 1960s rapidly running out of steam, and the gloom of recession replacing the optimism of the 1960s Flower Power era. The United States, which had become an influential global power, experienced much of the transition. While the sixties saw social activism, society became more self-absorbed in the seventies. Analyst and writer Tom Wolfe epitomized this feeling in 1976, calling the seventies the "Me Decade." Music became at once more introspective with the singer-songwriter movement and more carefree with the rise of disco music. As the decade continued on, the American world view became apprehensive, with continuing inner-city poverty and rising urban crime rates, the Watergate hearings broadcast on television, and the Vietnam War still fresh in the national memory. Network, arguably one of the decade's most representative films, dealt with narcissism and paranoia as violence escalated in the Middle East and America was crippled by the Oil Shock of 1973. As the economy slipped, the use of recreational drugs increased and many began to fear purported cults such as the Children of God. By the end of the decade the feminist movement had helped improve women's working conditions and environmentalism had become a major cause in the United States and Europe. While the United States experienced recession, the economy of Japan rose to claim the top spot on the world stage. The economies of many third world countries continued to bloom in the early 1970s through the green revolution. They might have thrived and become stable in the way that Europe recovered after the war through the Marshall Plan; however, the economic growth was stunted by the oil crisis. In 1973, foreign peacekeepers fled Vietnam, and the war that had lasted for nearly a decade ended with the Paris Peace Accords and communism continuing to spread. In neighboring Cambodia, several million citizens were executed by communist leader Pol Pot. Meanwhile, black South Africans still remained under apartheid following the death of activist Steve Biko.

Worldwide trends in the Seventies

The ethos of the 1970s emerged from a transition of the global social structure. It reflected the transition from the decline of colonial imperialism since the end of World War II to globalization and the rise of a new middle class in the developing world. Globally, the 1970s had several features that were similar and definitive across economic levels and regions. These aspects and essence that make up global essence of the 1970s are the defining points of the 1970s: the Bretton Woods system and its subsequent failure, the impact of the contraceptive pill on social-interactional dynamics, and the oil shock of 1973. The developing nations experienced economic growth that came in the wake of political independence. However, several African economies declined and political states became dictatorial regimes. Many Middle Eastern democracies crumbled into chaotic regimes with pseudo democratic governments. The 1970s ethos in much of the developing world was characterized by:
- the incessant need to redefine social norms to newer socioeconomic systems,
- the sheer pace at which they need to adapt to new social influences along with the need to integrate it to their native cultural context, and
- the constant aspiration for a more egalitarian society in cultures that were long colonised and have an even longer history of hierarchical social structure. The green revolution of the late 1960s brought about self sufficiency in many developing economies. At the same time an increasing number of people began to seek urban prosperity over agrarian life. This consequently saw the duality of transition of diverse interaction across social communities amid increasing information blockade across social class. Other common global ethos of the seventies world include: increasingly flexible and varied gender roles for women. Women could now enter the work force and not just be housewives. However the gender role of men remained as that of a bread-winner. The period also saw unprecedented socioeconomic impact of an ever-increasing number of women entering the non-agrarian economic workforce, and the sweeping cultural-religious impact of the Iranian revolution toward the end of the 1970s. The global experience of the cultural transition of the 1970s and an experience of a global zeitgeist revealed the interdependence of economies since World War II, and showed the huge impact of American economic policies on the world.

Economy of the Seventies

The developed economies of the world, the 1970s adversely distinguished itself from the prosperous postwar period between 1945 and 1969. Then, the world economy was buoyed by the Marshall Plan and the robust American economy. However, the high standing enjoyed by the American economy gradually became discomposed by loose domestic and war spending, particularly the Vietnam war. The oil shock of 1973 added to the existing ailments and conjured high inflation throughout much of the world for the rest of the decade. World leaders, such as James Callaghan of the United Kingdom, and Jimmy Carter of the United States, could not control it, causing their support to dwindle. Although there was no economic depression, the period is known for "stagflation", in which inflation and unemployment steadily increased, therefore leading to lower economic growth rates than previous decades. In Eastern Europe, Soviet-style command economies began showing signs of stagnation, in which successes were persistently dogged by setbacks. The oil shock increased East European, particularly Soviet, exports, but agriculture became a growing annoyance to such economies.

Oil crisis

Jimmy Carter, were common throughout the Western world. Also common were long lines to receive rationed petrol products.]] Economically, the seventies were marked by the energy crisis which peaked in 1973 and 1979 (see 1973 oil crisis and 1979 oil crisis). After the first oil shock in 1973, gasoline was rationed in many countries. Europe particularly depended on the Middle East for oil; the US was also affected even though it had its own oil reserves. Many European countries introduced car-free days. In the US, customers with a license plate ending in an odd number were only allowed to buy gasoline on odd-numbered days, while even-numbered plate-holders could only purchase gasoline on even-numbered days. The experience that oil reserves were not endless and technological development was not sustainable without harming the environment ended the age of modernism. As a result, ecological awareness rose.

Social movements

Environmentalism

The seventies touched off a mainstream affirmation of the environmental issues early activists from the '60s, such as Rachel Carson, warned about. The moon landing that had occurred at the end of the previous decade transmitted back concrete images of the earth as an integrated, life-supporting system and shaped a public willingness to preserve nature. On April 22, 1970, the United States celebrated its first Earth Day in which over two thousand colleges and universities and roughly ten thousand primary and secondary schools participated. Over the course of the decade, in the US a series of environmentally friendly legislation would be passed. Notable actions included the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970, the passage of Clean Water Act in 1972, and the enactment of the Endangered Species Act the next year. The takeoff of environmental thought rose parallel to the increased usage of nuclear power over fossil fuels. However, with the increasing expenses of nuclear power the opposition likewise grew. [http://www.globalpublicmedia.com/articles/180] Opposition to nuclear power became widespread in reaction to the partial meltdown of the Three Mile Island nuclear plant on March 28, 1979.

Feminism

Feminism in the United States got its start in the 1960s, but began to take flight starting in 1970, with the fiftieth anniversary of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (which legalized female suffrage). With the anthology Sisterhood is Powerful and other works being published at the start of the decade, feminism started to reach a larger audience.

Gay rights

The Stonewall riots, which occurred in New York City in June 1969, are generally considered to have ignited the modern gay rights movement, especially in North America (the U.K. had already decriminalised homosexuality in 1967). In the 1970s, in western countries and especially so in major urban centers, gay and lesbian people came out of the closet as never before (even as many others remained closeted) and a vocal and visible gay-rights movement coalesced in an unprecedented way. Considering the profound stigma attached to homosexuality at the dawn of the 1970s, the movement, although still nascent, saw tremendous gains over the course of the decade. The American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its list of psychiatric disorders in 1973. Gay-rights ordinances were passed by several cities (beginning with Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1972), and, for the first time, a few openly gay people were elected to political office in the United States. In 1977 Harvey Milk, a politically active gay man in the emerging gay neighborhood The Castro, was elected to the Board of Supervisors in San Francisco. Milk and liberal San Francisco mayor George Moscone were assassinated the following year; in 1979 their assassin, Dan White, received a sentence of voluntary manslaughter. The anger the gay community felt about the murders and about White's light sentence further galvanized the movement. The increasing visibility of gay people also generated a backlash during the seventies. In perhaps the most discussed anti-gay rights campaign of the decade, singer Anita Bryant led a successful drive in 1977 to repeal a gay-rights ordinance in Dade County, Florida. The new openness about homosexuality proved disconcerting to some heterosexuals who had been accustomed to gay and lesbian people remaining closeted and politically silent. "The love that dare not speak its name," Canadian author Robertson Davies wrote during the decade, referencing the famous Lord Alfred Douglas quote, "has become the love that won't shut up." On October 14, 1979, approximately 100,000 people marched in Washington, D.C., in the largest pro-gay rights demonstration up to that time.

Culture during the Seventies

Emerging social perspectives in the Seventies

In the wake of the 1960s many of the social dimenisions and perspectives towards issues were increasingly seen in liberal perspectives. Universities became more friendly and less authoritative towards students. This was reflected in the corporate culture of the 1970s, where the hierarchy between supervisor and subordinates became increasingly flat. This had influence in social interaction and family relationship as well. The nuclear family rose to prominence in the third world and the role of women in nuclear families took radical shift from those of earlier generations. With the rise of nuclear family and liberal attitudes towards social structure came new perspectives to child rearing and education. The 70s saw a decline in attendance to boarding schools and a rise of local day schools. The role of the nuclear family and the parent was increasingly noticed and given new impetus. Social norms and laws were increasingly framed in favour of women.

The Seventies in music

The seventies were a time when a new generation of young people were exposed to new media and hence newer ideas in almost every field. Elvis was probably the biggest entertainer in the world in the 70´s and in 1973 he held the historic Hawaain concert which was televised worldwide to almost 1.5 billion people from over 40 countries. TV and motion picture brought to varied audiences images, lifestyles and music from diverse regions and peoples. This led to the emergence of a new vocabulary and experimentation in music. After the war the second generation of German musicians began experimenting with music, these included experimental classical music and the tradition of Krautrock or Kraut music, rooted in the experimental classical music. This later influenced both art rock and progressive rock. The main exponents of this genre include Genesis, Yes, Emerson, Lake & Palmer and space rock giants Pink Floyd. The experimental nature of progressive rock is exemplified in songs such as Pink Floyd's Echoes. The seventies is also when many legendary rock bands started, or hit their peak, including The Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, Aerosmith, AC/DC,Queen (Band),Black Sabbath]], KISS, The Who, and Van Halen. Another experimentation in European classical music was brought about by composer Philip Glass and Michael Nyman, with what was to be called Minimalist music. This was a break from the intellectual serial music of the tradition of Schoenberg which lasted from the early 1900s to 1960s. Minimalist music sought to appreciate simple music with systematic patterns repeated in complex variations. These experimentations were also used in several movies made in the early 1970s. In world music the musical collaboration of violinists Yehudi Menuhin and L. Subramaniam was appreciated by a large audience. The commercial cinemas around the world tended to imitate nuances of disco beats in their movies to present their movies as western and upbeat. These included the increasingly popular Kung-fu movies in far East Asia and Bollywood movies from India. One of the most successful European groups of the decade was the quartet ABBA. The Swedish group, who are still the most successful group from their country, first found fame when they won the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. They became one of the most widely known European groups ever, and were the decade's biggest sellers. "Waterloo" and "Dancing Queen" are two of ABBA's most popular songs. To many people, the Seventies will be most remembered for the rise in disco music. First creeping into dance clubs in the mid-seventies (with such hits as "The Hustle" by Van McCoy), songstresses like Donna Summer, Gloria Gaynor, Dalida and Anita Ward popularized the genre and were described in subsequent decades as the "disco divas." The Village People scored a Top Ten hit with "Y.M.C.A." and the Bee Gees had a string of #1s following their collaboration on the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack. As quickly as disco's popularity came, however, it fell out of favor with the new decade, and effectively died in 1981, with the popularity of New Wave bands such as Blondie and Devo, who both formed their respective bands in the seventies. Many of the aforementioned singers who became popular during the disco era found themselves out of tune with the 1980s, and were out of work for many years, until a renewed interest in disco brought many of them back to the forefront. Many songs from the disco era are still very popular dance hits and receive continuous airplay in nightclubs throughout the world. The mid-seventies saw the rise of punk music from its protopunk/garage band roots in the 1960s and early 1970s. The Ramones, the Sex Pistols, and The Clash were some of the earliest acts to make it big in both the United Kingdom and the United States. Groups like the Clash were noted for the experimentation of style, especially that of having strong reggae influences in their music. Punk music has also been heavily associated with a certain punk fashion and absurdist humor which exemplified a genuine suspicion of mainstream culture and values.

The Seventies in cinema

World cinema

In cinema all over the world, the seventies brought about vigour in adventurous and realistic complex narratives with rich cinematography and elaborate scores. The cultural interaction between aided with TV and visual media and the rise in motion picture technology ushered in a new period of motion picture making. In European cinema, the failure of the Prague Spring brought about nostalgic motion pictures reminiscent of the ones that celebrate the 1970s itself. These movies expressed a yearning and as a premonition to the decade and its dreams. The Hungarian director István Szabó made the motion picture Szerelmesfilm (1970), which is a nostalgic portrayal and a premonition of the fading of the young 1970s ethos of change and a friendlier social structure. The Italian director Bernardo Bertolucci made the motion picture The Conformist (1970). German movies after the war aksed existential questions especially the works of Rainer Fassbinder. The movies of the Swedish director Ingmar Bergman reached a new level of expression in motion pictures like Cries and Whispers (1973). Young German directors made movies that came to be called as the German new wave. It was the voice of a new generation that had grown up after the second world war. These included directors like Wim Wenders, Hans-Jürgen Syberberg and Werner Herzog. Wim wenders made movies that explored psychological states of humans in situations intimate and significant to the characters. He made Die Angst des Tormanns beim Elfmeter (The Goalkeeper's Fear of the Penalty Kick) in 1972. It was based on a novella by Peter Handke. He further explored this realm in the motion picture Alice in den Städten (Alice in the Cities), 1974. Hans-Jürgen Syberberg created a sensation in 1977 with the motion picture Hitler: ein Film aus Deutschland (Hitler a film from Germany). It was a seven hour movie which attempted to investigate hitler under the shadows of wagner art and Nazi nationalism. This was followed by the expressionist movie Woyzeck (1979) by Werner Herzog. Asian cinema of the 1970s catered to the rising middle class fantasies and struggles. In the Bollywood cinema of India this was epitomised by the movies of Bollywood superhero Amitabh Bachchan. These movies portrayed adventurous plots with car chase trying to imitate hollywood movies like The French Connection, presented music with Disco beats and also presented the young middle class man as an "angry young man". The women on the other hand were shown as ones who have adopted western values and outfits especially by heroines like Parveen Babi (who was featured on the cover of TIME for a story on Bollywood's success) and Zeenat Aman. However towards the very end of the 1970s, especially after the steep rise in land prices in urban areas and the decline in employment security, the heroines were seen more often as saree-women striving to have a prosperous middle class family especially heroines like Jayaprada and Hema Malini. In this way the cinema of asian region becomes a sociological statement of the social-economic times of the region and its people. Other movie industry of the region produced fine masterpieces like in Malayalam cinema. Adoor Gopalakrishnan made Swayamvaram in 1972, which got wide critical acclaim. This was followed by the movie Nirmalyam by M.T. Vasudevan Nair in 1973.

Hollywood

The decade opened with Hollywood facing a financial slump, reflecting the monetary woes of the nation as a whole during the first half of the decade. Despite this, the seventies proved to be a benchmark decade in the development of cinema, both as an art form and a business. With young filmmakers taking greater risks and restrictions regarding language and sexuality lifting, Hollywood produced some its most critically acclaimed and financially successful films since its supposed "golden era." Hollywood for his role in the 1972 hit The Godfather. He boycotted the ceremony and sent Native American Sacheen Littlefeather to reject the award on his behalf. Also pictured are Roger Moore and Liv Ullmann.]] In the years previous to 1970, Hollywood had began to cater to the younger generation with films such as The Graduate and Topless Nurses. This proved a folly when anti-war films like R.P.M. and The Strawberry Statement became major box-office flops. Even solid films with bankable stars, like the Pearl Harbor epic Tora! Tora! Tora!, flopped, leaving studios in dire straights financially. Unable to repay financiers, studios began selling off land, furniture, clothing, and sets acquired over years of production. Nostalgic fans bid on merchandise and collectables ranging from Judy Garland's sparkling red shoes to MGM's own back lots. More of the successful films were those based in the harsh truths of war, rather than the excesses of the '60s. Films like Patton, about the World War II general, and M
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- H, about a Korean War field hospital, were major box-office draws in 1970. Honest, old-fashioned films like Five Easy Pieces, Summer of '42, and the Erich Segal adaptation, Love Story, were commercial and critical hits. (Love Story and "Summer" remain, as of 2005, two of the most successful films in Hollywood history. "Summer," costing $1,000,000 USD, brought in $25,000,000 at the box office, while "Love Story," with a budget of $2,200,000, earned $106,400,000). One of the most insightful films of the decade came from the mind of a Hollywood outsider, Czechoslovakian director Milos Forman, whose Taking Off became a bold reflection of life at the beginning of the seventies. The 1971 satirized the American middle class, following a young girl who runs away from home, leaving her parents free to explore life for the first time in years. While the film was never given a wide release in America, it became a major critical achievement both in America and around the world (garnering the film high honors at the Cannes Film Festival and several BAFTA Award nominations). An adaptation of an Arthur Hailey novel would prove to be one of the most notable films of 1970, and would set the stage for a major trend in seventies cinema. The film, Airport, featured a complex plot, characters, and an all-star cast of Hollywood A-listers and legends. Airport followed an airport manager trying to keep a fictional Chicago airport operational during a blizzard, as well as a bomb plot to blow up an airplane. The film was a major critical and financial success, helping pull Universal Studios into the black for the year. The film earned senior actress Helen Hayes an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress and garnered many other nominations in both technical and talent categories. The success of the film launched a slew of disaster-related films, many of which following the same blueprint of major stars, a melodramatic script, and great suspense. disaster Three Airport sequels followed in 1974, 1977, and 1979, each successor making less money than the last. 1972 brought The Poseidon Adventure, which starred a young Gene Hackman leading an all-star cast to safety in a capsized luxury liner. The film earned an Academy Award for visual effects (and Best Original Song for "The Morning After," as well as numerous nominations, including one for its notable supporting star, Shelley Winters. The Towering Inferno teamed Steve McQueen and Paul Newman against a fire in a New York skyscraper. The film cost a whopping $14 million to produce (expensive for its time), and won Academy Awards for Cinematography, Film Editing, and Best Original Song. The same year, the epic Earthquake featured questionable effects (camera shake and models) to achieve a destructive 9.9 earthquake in Los Angeles. Despite this, the film was one of the most successful of its time, earning $80 million at box office. By the late seventies, the novelty had worn off and the disasters had become less exciting.